Cartier Baiser Volé Essence de Parfum: A Modern Masterpiece of Floral Opulence
An in-depth exploration of Cartier's most concentrated and luxurious lily fragrance, a true testament to timeless elegance.

In the storied annals of Cartier, a maison synonymous with audacious jewels and timeless elegance, the art of perfumery occupies a distinct and revered chapter. The house's olfactory pursuits are not mere accessories to its gemstones but are considered jewels in their own right—liquid diamonds crafted with the same precision and passion. It was within this context that the original Baiser Volé, meaning 'Stolen Kiss,' was unveiled in 2011, a bold declaration that reimagined the lily, a flower often associated with solemnity, as a symbol of sensual, modern romance. The fragrance was an immediate success, capturing the imagination of a clientele seeking sophistication with a hint of daring.
The Essence de Parfum, a later and more potent iteration, represents the zenith of this floral vision. Launched as a deeper, richer expression of the core accord, it is positioned as the most luxurious and enduring member of the Baiser Volé family. Where the Eau de Parfum is a whispered secret, the Essence is a confident declaration. It caters to the connoisseur who demands not just a beautiful scent, but an olfactory experience of significant depth, tenacity, and complexity—a fragrance that evolves with the wearer throughout the day and leaves a lasting, memorable impression.
The inspiration remains rooted in the paradoxical beauty of the lily: its pristine, almost virginal appearance contrasted with its intensely narcotic and sensual scent. Cartier's perfumers sought to capture this duality, bottling the moment of a stolen kiss—a fleeting, intimate act charged with emotion and potential. The Essence de Parfum amplifies this narrative, focusing on the creamy, waxy, almost buttery facets of the flower, enveloping it in an aura of warmth and sophistication that feels both classic and distinctly contemporary.
Within the fragrance community, Baiser Volé Essence de Parfum has cultivated a reputation as a 'designer hidden gem'—a composition whose quality often surpasses expectations for a luxury fashion house. It is frequently praised for its photorealistic lily heart and its elegant, non-cloying drydown. It stands as a benchmark for a modern floral soliflore that avoids being simplistic or overly sweet, earning respect from both casual wearers and seasoned fragrance enthusiasts for its unwavering commitment to a singular, beautifully executed idea.
The Nose Behind the Scent
Mathilde Laurent, Cartier's in-house perfumer and artistic director of perfumery since 2005. A graduate of ISIPCA and a former protégé at Jean Patou, Laurent is renowned for her intellectual, architectural, and often minimalist approach to scent. Her philosophy at Cartier is to create 'jewels for the skin,' with notable creations including the acclaimed Les Heures de Parfum collection (most notably L'Heure Brillante and L'Heure Mystérieuse), Déclaration, and the opulent Panther-themed fragrances.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The fragrance opens with a startlingly crisp and dewy greenness, as if one has just brushed against a lily stem in a morning garden. A subtle, clean citron note provides a fleeting spark of brightness, serving not as a dominant citrus accord but as a lens that sharpens and clarifies the verdant introduction. This initial phase is remarkably fresh yet sophisticated, devoid of any harsh alcohol or synthetic blast, immediately signaling its high-quality composition.
Within thirty minutes, the true heart of the fragrance unfolds with breathtaking clarity. The lily note emerges in full, glorious force—creamy, waxy, and intensely floral. It is a photorealistic rendition, capturing both the petal's softness and the pollen's faint powderiness. It is supported by the delicate, bell-like chime of lily of the valley and the soft, watery nuance of cyclamen, creating a multi-faceted floral bouquet that is radiant, elegant, and supremely feminine. The green accent from the top notes persists, weaving through the flowers and preventing them from becoming overly sweet or indolic.
After several hours, the floral intensity gently recedes, making way for a sublime and intimate drydown. The lily softens into a beautiful, skin-hugging veil. It is now cradled by a soft, clean musk and a whisper of vanilla that imparts a subtle, comforting warmth without any gourmand connotations. A trace of creamy sandalwood adds a final touch of sophistication and longevity. This final phase is exceptionally wearable, leaving a tender, musky-floral trail that feels like a second skin—a private, luxurious secret that lingers for hours.
Performance Dashboard
Exceptional longevity for a floral fragrance, consistently lasting 10-12 hours on skin and even longer on clothing. It transitions gracefully from the vibrant heart to the intimate drydown without disappearing.
Projects with elegant authority for the first 3-4 hours, creating a beautiful personal aura of about an arm's length. It is noticeable without being intrusive, perfectly calibrated for sophistication.
Leaves a moderate, elegant trail. For the first few hours, it will announce your presence gently in a room. As it dries down, the sillage becomes closer to the skin, creating an intimate bubble.
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Exquisitely realistic and beautiful lily heart that is the star of the composition.
- ✅ Exceptional longevity and very good projection for a floral fragrance.
- ✅ Elegant, sophisticated, and timeless scent profile that never feels dated or trendy.
- ✅ High-quality ingredients and seamless blending typical of Mathilde Laurent's work for Cartier.
- ✅ Versatile enough for day and evening, professional and personal settings.
- ❌ The pronounced lily note can be polarizing; those who dislike the flower will not enjoy this.
- ❌ The price point is firmly in the luxury designer bracket, which may be a barrier for some.
- ❌ The green opening, while beautiful, can read as slightly sharp or cold to some noses before it warms.
Price & Value
“While a significant investment, it offers outstanding value for those seeking a masterful, long-lasting floral soliflore from a prestigious house. The quality of materials, the artistry of the composition, and the exceptional performance justify the premium for the discerning buyer.”
📜 Reformulation History
No significant public discourse or confirmed reports of major reformulations affecting the core scent profile of the Essence de Parfum concentration since its launch. As with all fragrances, minor batch-to-batch variations in maceration can occur but are not considered substantive by the enthusiast community.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial impression is notably brighter and more effervescent than its Essence de Parfum counterpart, with the green citron accord taking immediate precedence, creating a crisp, dewy, and almost aqueous floral introduction.
The heart phase reveals the lily in a more transparent and airy manner; the floralcy is less creamy and dense, allowing the lily of the valley and cyclamen to contribute a cleaner, greener facet that feels more like a bouquet in morning light than a concentrated extract.
The final stage is a soft, intimate veil of clean musk and a whisper of vanilla, with the sandalwood base note of the parfum concentration being markedly subdued or absent, resulting in a skin-scent finish that is elegant but less tenacious.
Performance Dashboard
Lasts 5-7 hours on skin
Moderate projection for 1-2 hours before settling close
Light to moderate trail
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Brighter, more refreshing opening
- ✅ Excellent for daytime and warmer weather
- ✅ More affordable entry point to the Baiser Volé line
- ✅ Elegant and versatile
- ❌ Shorter longevity compared to the parfum
- ❌ Less depth and richness in the drydown
- ❌ Weaker sillage and projection
Price & Value
“Price reflects the classic EDT concentration and its more ephemeral, daytime-appropriate character”
📜 Reformulation History
The original 2011 EDT formulation is distinct from the later Essence de Parfum. Some users note that post-2015 batches may have a slightly softer vanilla presence in the base, aligning with IFRA restrictions, though the core green floral structure remains consistent.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial burst is a more concentrated, almost dewy greenness, where the citron is less sharp and more integrated with a palpable, velvety texture from the enhanced floral heart.
The lily note, the very soul of the Baiser Volé lineage, becomes profoundly narcotic and buttery, dominating the composition for hours. The supporting lily of the valley and cyclamen provide a sophisticated, rounded floralcy rather than a fresh bouquet.
A deeply comforting, skin-close fusion of creamy sandalwood and soft, non-animalic musk emerges, with the vanilla lending a subtle, gourmand-adjacent warmth that persists well into the following day.
Performance Dashboard
Exceptional longevity, easily lasting 12-14 hours on skin and days on fabric.
Projects with a dense, intimate aura for 5-6 hours before settling closer to the skin.
Leaves a pronounced, elegant trail that is more substantial and lingering than its Eau de Parfum counterpart.
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Unparalleled depth and richness of the signature lily note
- ✅ Masterclass in floral intensity and persistence
- ✅ Exemplary construction with seamless evolution
- ✅ Ideal for formal occasions and cooler climates
- ❌ Substantially higher cost per milliliter
- ❌ The opulent density can feel overwhelming in heat or close quarters
- ❌ Less suitable for casual daytime wear
Price & Value
“The significant price premium over the EDP is justified by the superior raw material density, masterful complexity, and truly exceptional performance, positioning it as a collector's piece within the line.”
📜 Reformulation History
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Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial burst is a more opulent, polished citrus, where the bergamot tempers the green sharpness of the citron, creating a luminous, almost candied peel effect that feels denser and more deliberate than the Essence de Parfum's brighter opening.
The floral heart deepens profoundly; the lily note becomes creamier and more narcotic, supported by a discernible jasmine facet that adds a lush, indolic richness. The lily of the valley and cyclamen provide a sophisticated, dewy counterpoint rather than a primary green freshness.
The base reveals its true Extrait character: the vanilla is more pronounced and resinous, blending seamlessly with a warm, creamy sandalwood and a soft amber glow. The musk is intimate and skin-like, creating a lasting, sophisticated floral-woody embrace that persists for many hours.
Performance Dashboard
Exceptionally long-lasting, easily 12-16 hours on skin, with a discernible trace often present the following day.
Projects with a potent, dense aura for 5-6 hours before settling into a closer, yet still very present, scent cloud.
Leaves a substantial and elegant trail, particularly in the first half of its wear.
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Unparalleled depth and richness of the lily note
- ✅ Masterful blending with exceptional smoothness
- ✅ Elite-level longevity and sillage
- ✅ Feels more niche and artisanal in its execution
- ❌ Substantially higher cost per milliliter
- ❌ Can be overwhelming in warm or confined settings
- ❌ The added sweetness and amber may appeal less to those who preferred the greener, crisper Essence de Parfum
Price & Value
“A significant price elevation reflective of the Extrait concentration's superior raw material quality, complexity, and performance, positioning it as a collector's piece within the Baiser Volé lineage.”
📜 Reformulation History
As a very recent release, significant batch variations are not yet documented. However, given its Extrait de Parfum status and likely use of natural absolutes, minor shifts in the floral heart's intensity between early production runs are a possibility inherent to the concentration.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial impression is notably brighter and more effervescent than its Essence de Parfum counterpart, with the crisp green notes and citron taking immediate precedence, creating an airy, dewy sensation.
The floral heart, while still dominated by the iconic lily, feels more transparent and less creamy. The rose note, more perceptible here, adds a delicate, classic facet that intertwines with the lily of the valley, resulting in a lighter, more diaphanous bouquet.
The final stage is a whisper-soft, clean musk and sandalwood veil. It remains close to the skin, offering a subtle, comforting, and notably less vanillic or gourmand impression than the deeper Essence de Parfum base.
Performance Dashboard
Lasts 4-6 hours on skin
Moderate projection for 1-2 hours before becoming an intimate scent
Light to moderate trail
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Brighter, more refreshing opening
- ✅ Excellent for warmer weather and daytime
- ✅ More affordable
- ✅ Greater versatility for casual wear
- ❌ Shorter longevity
- ❌ Softer projection and sillage
- ❌ Simpler, less rich drydown lacking the vanilla depth
Price & Value
“Accessible entry point to the Baiser Volé signature, offering a lighter, more casual interpretation”
📜 Reformulation History
The Eau de Toilette, being the original 2011 release, has remained largely consistent. Some early batches may present a slightly sharper green opening, but the core structure is stable, distinct from the later, denser Essence de Parfum.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial impression is a crisp, dewy burst of green citrus, more effervescent and less immediately opulent than the Essence de Parfum. The citron provides a sparkling, almost aqueous quality that feels like the first light on morning petals.
As the green top notes recede, the floral heart emerges with a pronounced clarity. The lily is luminous and photorealistic, supported by the delicate, watery facets of lily of the valley and cyclamen. This phase is notably more airy and less vanillic than its denser counterpart, emphasizing the flower's natural freshness over its creamy texture.
The final stage is a soft, intimate veil of clean musk and pale sandalwood, with the vanilla playing a subtle supporting role rather than a dominant gourmand accord. It remains a skin scent of refined floralcy, with a lighter, more diaphanous presence than the Essence de Parfum's pronounced warmth.
Performance Dashboard
Lasts 6-8 hours on skin
Moderate projection for 2-3 hours before settling closer to the skin
Creates a moderate, elegant trail
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Brighter, more refreshing opening
- ✅ Excellent for daily wear and office settings
- ✅ More affordable than the Essence de Parfum
- ✅ True-to-life lily accord
- ❌ Shorter longevity than the parfum concentration
- ❌ Less depth and richness in the drydown
- ❌ Can be perceived as too subtle in cold weather
Price & Value
“A more accessible entry point into the Baiser Volé line, offering the signature lily accord with a lighter, more versatile character.”
📜 Reformulation History
The Eau de Parfum, launched in 2011 as the original concentration, has remained remarkably consistent. Minor adjustments in IFRA compliance around 2015 slightly softened the green top notes, but the core lily accord, crafted by perfumer Mathilde Laurent, has been preserved with integrity.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial impression is notably brighter and more effervescent than its Essence de Parfum counterpart, with the crisp green notes and citron amplified by a distinct bergamot, creating an airy, almost dewy introduction that feels more immediate and less dense.
The floral heart emerges with a lighter, more transparent quality; the lily retains its central role but is less creamy and opulent, allowing the lily of the valley and cyclamen to share the stage with greater clarity, resulting in a bouquet that feels more like a fresh-cut arrangement than a profound soliflore.
The final stage is a clean, intimate whisper of skin musk and soft, pale sandalwood, devoid of the vanilla warmth found in the Essence de Parfum. It remains close to the skin, offering a subtle, sheer woody finish that is elegant in its simplicity.
Performance Dashboard
Lasts 4-6 hours on skin
Moderate projection for 1-2 hours before becoming a skin scent
Light to moderate trail
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Brighter, more refreshing opening
- ✅ Excellent for warmer weather and daytime
- ✅ More versatile and easier to wear casually
- ✅ Lower price point
- ❌ Shorter longevity and lighter projection
- ❌ Simpler, less complex drydown without vanilla
- ❌ Can feel too sheer for those seeking presence
Price & Value
“A more accessible entry point to the Baiser Volé line, offering a brighter, more casual interpretation suitable for daily wear”
📜 Reformulation History
The EDT, being the original 2011 release, has remained relatively consistent. However, subtle shifts in the green note intensity have been noted by enthusiasts over the years, likely due to natural ingredient sourcing rather than a formal reformulation.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial burst is a more intense, almost waxy greenness from the lily, with the citron providing a sharper, more defined citrus lift than in the standard concentration.
The heart phase is profoundly opulent; the lily note becomes narcotically rich and creamy, dominating the composition while the supporting florals weave a more textured, velvety backdrop. The green facets soften but remain as a structural spine.
A supremely long-lasting, intimate drydown where the sandalwood and vanilla are amplified into a soft, musky, and slightly powdery embrace. The vanillic warmth is more pronounced, creating a lingering skin-scent of remarkable tenacity.
Performance Dashboard
Exceptional longevity, easily persisting for 12-14 hours on skin and days on fabric.
Projects with a dense, substantive aura for 5-6 hours before settling closer to the skin.
Leaves a potent, creamy-floral trail that is significantly more noticeable than the standard EdP.
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Unparalleled depth and richness of the lily note
- ✅ Masterclass in longevity and sillage
- ✅ More complex, evolving drydown
- ✅ Ideal for formal or intimate occasions
- ❌ Significant price increase over the EdP
- ❌ Can be overwhelming in heat or confined spaces
- ❌ Less suitable for casual daytime wear
Price & Value
“The premium is substantial but reflects the use of a higher concentration of richer raw materials and a more complex, enduring olfactory architecture.”
📜 Reformulation History
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Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial burst is a more concentrated, almost waxy greenness from the lily bud, with a sharper, more defined citron zest that lacks the fleeting quality of the EDP. The floral heart announces itself with greater authority within the first five minutes.
The lily absolute, a far more opulent and narcotic material than the standard accord, becomes the undisputed protagonist. It is creamier, more indolic, and deeply textured, supported by a richer, more resinous sandalwood and a pronounced vanilla that feels more gourmand than musky.
A profound, skin-warming amber accord emerges, seamlessly blending with the Bourbon vanilla and sandalwood to create a lasting, sophisticated trail. The drydown is notably sweeter, woodier, and more tenacious than the EDP, with the floral signature persisting as a elegant memory for over twelve hours.
Performance Dashboard
Exceptionally long-lasting, easily 12-16 hours on skin, with traces lingering on fabric for days.
Projects with a dense, intimate aura for 6-8 hours before settling closer to the skin.
Leaves a potent, luxurious trail that is more defined and persistent than the EDP.
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Unparalleled depth and richness from the use of absolutes
- ✅ Masterful scent evolution with a pronounced amber drydown
- ✅ Elite-level longevity and sillage
- ✅ Feels more niche and artistic than the EDP
- ❌ Prohibitively expensive for casual wear
- ❌ The heightened sweetness and indoles may be cloying to some
- ❌ Less versatile, best reserved for cooler weather and evening wear
Price & Value
“A significant price premium over the EDP, justified by the use of higher-grade absolutes, greater oil concentration, and a vastly superior, more complex olfactory architecture suited for formal occasions.”
📜 Reformulation History
As a relatively recent and high-concentration release, batch consistency has been reported as high. However, the natural variability of the lily absolute and sandalwood materials may cause subtle shifts in the creaminess or woodiness between batches.
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial impression is notably brighter and more effervescent than its Essence de Parfum counterpart, with the crisp green notes and zesty citron taking immediate precedence, creating an airy, dewy freshness that feels almost like morning dew on petals.
The floral heart emerges with a lighter, more transparent quality; the lily retains its purity but is less creamy and opulent, allowing the lily of the valley and cyclamen to impart a delicate, almost aquatic floralcy that feels more like a bouquet viewed through a sunlit veil.
The final stage is a whisper-soft, clean musk intertwined with the faint, dry warmth of sandalwood, a notably sheer and skin-intimate finish that lacks the pronounced vanilla sweetness and weight of the parfum concentration.
Performance Dashboard
Lasts 5-7 hours on skin, a lighter and more ephemeral presence than the parfum.
Moderate projection for the first 2-3 hours, creating a personal aura rather than a commanding presence.
Leaves a light, airy trail that dissipates more quickly.
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Brighter, more refreshing opening
- ✅ Excellent for warmer weather and daytime
- ✅ More affordable
- ✅ Greater versatility for casual or office wear
- ❌ Shorter longevity
- ❌ Less complex and rich in the drydown
- ❌ Weaker sillage and projection
Price & Value
“A more accessible entry point to the Baiser Volé signature, offering a lighter, more casual interpretation suited for daily wear.”
📜 Reformulation History
null
Accords
Notes Pyramid
Scent Journey
The initial impression is notably brighter and more effervescent than the Essence de Parfum, with the green citron and dewy green notes creating a crisp, airy introduction that feels more immediately diffusive.
The floral heart, while still dominated by the iconic lily, presents itself with greater transparency. The lily of the valley and cyclamen provide a cleaner, more aqueous floralcy, lacking the profound, waxy density of the parfum concentration.
The base reveals itself as a softer, more intimate whisper. The sandalwood is less pronounced, and the vanilla-musk blend is sheerer, creating a gentle, skin-scent finish that is elegant but less tenacious than its richer counterpart.
Performance Dashboard
Lasts 6-8 hours on skin, a moderate duration typical of a quality Eau de Parfum.
Projects well for the first 2-3 hours before settling closer to the skin.
Creates a moderate, elegant trail, less enveloping than the Essence de Parfum.
When to Wear
Community Verdict
Pros & Cons
- ✅ Brighter, more versatile opening
- ✅ Excellent for daily wear and office settings
- ✅ More affordable than the Essence de Parfum
- ✅ True to the iconic lily theme
- ❌ Less depth and richness in the drydown
- ❌ Moderate longevity compared to higher concentrations
- ❌ Projection diminishes more quickly
Price & Value
“A more accessible entry point into the Baiser Volé line, offering the signature lily accord with a lighter, more versatile wearability.”
📜 Reformulation History
Minor variations in the vibrancy of the top notes have been noted by enthusiasts over the years, but the core structure remains consistent with the original 2011 release. The shift towards IFRA-compliant ingredients has been gradual and less disruptive in this concentration compared to more potent extracts.
Who It's For
✅ Ideal For
- Women (and men who appreciate florals) aged 30 and above who possess a quiet confidence and refined taste. It suits those with a classic, elegant style who appreciate quality over trendiness. Ideal for the wearer who seeks a signature scent that is distinctly floral, sophisticated, and long-lasting.
⚠️ Not Recommended For
- Those who exclusively favor sweet, gourmand, or heavy oriental fragrances. Individuals seeking a light, sheer citrus or aquatic scent for the gym or beach. It may also be too pronounced for those in ultra-conservative work environments with strict fragrance policies.
The Family
The original and lighter concentration, with a brighter, more airy lily and prominent green notes.
The freshest and most fleeting interpretation, emphasizing citrus and green accords over the floral heart.
Explore More
🔍 Similar Fragrances
Another highly-regarded, potent lily soliflore, though Le Labo's version is more linear, creamy, and features prominent jasmine and tuberose, making it denser and more tropical.
Shares a similar theme of wet, green florals (gardenia and magnolia) after a storm, offering a more aqueous and petally alternative to the waxy lily.
While centered on tuberose, it shares a similarly elegant, creamy-white floral DNA with a green tinge and exceptional quality, appealing to the same refined sensibility.
💡 Clone Alternatives
A very affordable, simple, and pleasant single-note lily fragrance. It captures the basic floral impression but lacks the complexity, depth, creaminess, and longevity of the Cartier.
A more credible alternative from the Grasse-based house, offering a pretty, true-to-life lily scent at a lower price point, though the blending and silage are less sophisticated.
❤️ You May Also Enjoy
For its modern, transparent take on a classic floral-aldehydic structure, appealing to those who love elegant, well-composed florals from heritage houses.
Shares a similar focus on a central floral note (rose-musk here) supported by clean musk, creating an intimate, sophisticated skin scent.
A powdery, elegant floral with mimosa, iris, and violet, offering a different but equally refined and timeless bouquet.
More from Cartier
A bold, chypre fragrance centered on gardenia and musk, representing fierce femininity.
A modern classic masculine (though worn by all) built on a revolutionary cumin and cedarwood accord.
From the Les Heures collection, a stunning, intellectual bergamot and incense composition.
A rich, ambery and woody reinterpretation of the classic fougère, exuding power and warmth.
🧪 Layering Ideas
- A light, clean musk soliflore to amplify the intimate drydown.
- A sheer vanilla or tonka bean fragrance to enhance the creamy, warm facets.
- A crisp, woody scent like a cedarwood or sandalwood-focused cologne to add structure and contrast to the floral opulence.
🏆 Final Verdict
Cartier Baiser Volé Essence de Parfum is not merely a stronger version of its predecessor; it is the fullest, most complete realization of a brilliant olfactory idea. It represents the pinnacle of the Baiser Volé line, offering an experience that is both more intense and more nuanced. For the individual seeking a floral fragrance of uncompromising quality, one that makes a statement of refined taste rather than loud exuberance, this Essence de Parfum is a compelling investment.
One should purchase this fragrance for its breathtakingly realistic and beautiful lily heart, a note rendered with an artistry that few houses achieve. One should purchase it for its remarkable tenacity, which allows the wearer to enjoy its evolution from dewy green opening to creamy floral heart to musky-soft drydown over the course of a long day or evening. Ultimately, one should purchase Baiser Volé Essence de Parfum as one would acquire a piece of fine jewelry: not for fleeting fashion, but as a timeless expression of personal elegance. It is a stolen kiss, preserved in perfume, and offered as a lasting treasure.